COST EFFECTIVE DESIGN OF RC T-BEAM EMPLOYING GENETIC ALGORITHM

As most of the work of optimisation is done by considering weight as objective function with the assumption that minimum cost will come from minimum weight, but practically it is not so. The paper presents the optimisation of t-beam taking cost as objective function. The variables used in this research are discrete variables. The optimisation techniques enable designers to find the perfect design for the structure. The perfect design of a structure means the most economic structure without impairing the purposes for which it is made. In this case, the design objective is to minimise the total cost of a structure. The ensuing structure, nevertheless, should not only be marked with a low cost but also obey with a working strength requirements for the given applied load as per is: 456-2000. These elements are designed according to the requirements of the is 456:2000 code. Total cost includes cost of concrete, steel and form work are considered. Genetic algorithm which is a type of heuristic techniques was carried out in this research. Genetic algorithm belongs to the family of evolutionary algorithms. Genetic algorithm is an iterative procedure that is driven from the ‘survival of the fittest’ principle of darwinian theory of natural evolution. Since the adjustment of factors in a genetic algorithm (e.g., population size, crossover, and maximum number of generations) is a significant problem for any application, we have applied our own methodology to deal with this problem

Co-primary inter-operator spectrum sharing over a limited spectrum pool using repeated games

We consider two small cell operators deployed in the same geographical area, sharing spectrum resources from a common pool. A method is investigated to coordinate the utilization of the spectrum pool without monetary transactions and without revealing operator-specific information to other parties. For this, we construct a protocol based on asking and receiving spectrum usage favors by the operators, and keeping a book of the favors. A spectrum usage favor is exchanged between the operators if one is asking for a permission to use some of the resources from the pool on an exclusive basis, and the other is willing to accept that. As a result, the proposed method does not force an operator to take action. An operator with a high load may take spectrum usage favors from an operator that has few users to serve, and it is likely to return these favors in the future to show a cooperative spirit and maintain reciprocity. We formulate the interactions between the operators as a repeated game and determine rules to decide whether to ask or grant a favor at each stage game. We illustrate that under frequent network load variations, which are expected to be prominent in small cell deployments, both operators can attain higher user rates as compared to the case of no coordination of the resource utilization.Comment: To be published in proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) at London, Jun. 201

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies on Growth and Yield of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

An investigation was undertaken during 2009-10 to study the impact of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of Cape gooseberry genotype 'Aligarh'. Treatments consisted of application of biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas) applied alone or in combination, with 75% and 100% NPK, plus full dose of FYM. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twenty treatments replicated thrice. Seedlings inoculated with Azotobacter + 100% NPK + FYM gave maximum plant height, stem thickness, shoot number per plant and fruit yield per plant. Treatment of Azotobacter inoculation + 75% NPK +FYM gave maximum leaf area and minimum days to fruit picking. Biological routes to improving soil fertility and soil health for optimum crop production, therefore, form a vital component of integrated nutrient management

Multiattribute Attitude Measurement of Incredible India Campaign

The study makes an effort to evaluate Incredible India campaign in terms of its growth and expansion. For the purpose of this study descriptive research has been undertaken, in which a questionnaire was designed to measure the attitude of the foreign tourists towards India. For analyzing the attitude towards Incredible India campaign, Fishbein Multi-attribute model has been used quantitatively. The attitude has been measured by calculating and analyzing a mean overall attitude (Ao) in respect to the minimum and maximum value keeping the evaluation score constant. The attitude score has also been judged on a scale of ideal point score where the lowest value is 12 and the highest value is 300. The value has been calculated assuming strongest belief and evaluation and weakest belief and evaluation. The analysis of the elements of Incredible India campaign shows a mean overall attitude (Ao) of 184.29 with a minimum and maximum value of 47.03 and 235.16 respectively. Keywords: Incredible India, Indian Tourism, Attitude, Foreign Tourist

FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION DURING SEISMICALLY EXCITED SLOSHING WITHIN SHALLOW SKIRT SUPPORTED PRESSURE VESSELS

This dissertation describes the finite element considerations employed in a seismic response spectrum analysis of a skirt supported, liquid containing pressure vessel. Like many axisymmetric cylindrical vessels, the gross seismic response to an input response spectrum can be categorized by a simplified lump mass model that includes both the mass of the vessel proper in combination with the associated mass of multiple fluid levels. This simplified response may be utilized to determine the initial sizing of the supporting configuration, such as a skirt, but lacks the ability to properly address the fluid-structure interaction that creates sloshing loads on the vessel walls. The most obvious method to address the fluid-structure interaction when considering the finite element method is to build a three-dimensional model of the vessel proper, including, but not limited to the shell courses, the top and bottom heads (for a vertical vessel), and the support skirt. The inclusion of the fluid effects may now be incorporated with a “contained fluid” finite element, however, for vessels of any significant volume, the number of finite elements can easily exceed 100,0000 and the number of degrees of freedom can sore from as few as 300,0000 to as many as 500,0000 or more. While these types of finite element analysis problems can be solved with today’s computer hardware and software, it is not desirable in any analysis to have that volume of information that has to be reviewed and approved in a highly regulated nuclear QA environment (if at all possible).With these items in mind, the methodology described in this dissertation seeks to minimize the number of degrees of freedom associated with a response spectrum analysis of a liquid filled, skirt supported vertical pressure vessel. The input response spectra are almost always provided in Cartesian coordinates, while many, if not most liquid containing pressure vessels are almost always axisymmetric in geometry without having benefit of being subjected to an axisymmetric load (acceleration in this case) due to the specified seismic event. The use of harmonic finite elements for both the vessel structure and the contained fluid medium permit the efficiencies associated with an axisymmetric geometry to be leveraged when the seismic response spectrum is formulated in terms of a Fourier series and combined to regain the effects of the two orthogonal, horizontally applied accelerations as a function of frequency. The end result as discussed and shown in this dissertation is a finite element model that permits a dense mesh of both the fluid and the structure, while economizing on the number of simultaneous equations required to be solved by the chosen finite element analysis. The method to obtain results at any chosen circumferential location is first developed for a simpler geometry utilizing a ground supported tank with flat heads. The results of the method developed herein are verified by comparison to published analytical results. The subject methodology is then applied to the skirt supported pressure vessel

The International Natural Product Sciences Taskforce (INPST) and the power of Twitter networking exemplified through #INPST hashtag analysis

Background: The development of digital technologies and the evolution of open innovation approaches have enabled the creation of diverse virtual organizations and enterprises coordinating their activities primarily online. The open innovation platform titled "International Natural Product Sciences Taskforce" (INPST) was established in 2018, to bring together in collaborative environment individuals and organizations interested in natural product scientific research, and to empower their interactions by using digital communication tools. Methods: In this work, we present a general overview of INPST activities and showcase the specific use of Twitter as a powerful networking tool that was used to host a one-week "2021 INPST Twitter Networking Event" (spanning from 31st May 2021 to 6th June 2021) based on the application of the Twitter hashtag #INPST. Results and Conclusion: The use of this hashtag during the networking event period was analyzed with Symplur Signals (https://www.symplur.com/), revealing a total of 6,036 tweets, shared by 686 users, which generated a total of 65,004,773 impressions (views of the respective tweets). This networking event's achieved high visibility and participation rate showcases a convincing example of how this social media platform can be used as a highly effective tool to host virtual Twitter-based international biomedical research events

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs